Paramedical Institute

        DOTT    ( Diploma in Operation Theatre Technician )  PAPER 1st  Theory :-  { General Anatomy & Physiology  } General Orientation about parts of human body. Various terms used in anatomy . Total number of bones etc. Structure of Animal cell , Cell organelles & their functions. Tissue Osteology Joints Skin GIT : Location , Gross structure etc. Respiratory tract Urinary Tract Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System Endocrine System  Gross structure of brain and spinal cord  Basic gross structure of heart  Lymphatic System  Immune System PAPER 1 { Only basis of relevant Pathology , Pharmacology & Microbiology } Basic acute and Inflammation chronic and acute and Healing of wound. Basic Necrosis and apoptosis Basic of Shocks  Basic of Disorders of blood coagulation system  Basic of Disorders of immune system of body  Modes of disease transmitted and prevention of infection...

  Clinical Significance :-                          Protein are constitution of muscles enzymes, hormones and several other key functional and structure structural entities in the body . They are involved in the maintenance of the normal distribution of water between blood and tissues. Consisting mainly of albumin and globulin in fractions very independently and widely in diseases. Increased level are found mainly in the  dehydration. Decrease level are found mainly in malnutrition a synthesis,  protein losses as in hemorrhage or excessive protein catabolism. Principle :-              Proteins in an alkaline medium, bind with the cupric ions present in the biuret reagent to form a blue blue violet colour Complex. The intensity of the colour formed is directly proportional to the amount of protein present in the sample.   Material required  :- Clean and dry glass...

 Clinical significance :-                             Chloride is one of the most important in the blood.  It  helps  keep  the amount of  fluid inside and outside of your cells in balance . It also help maintain proper blood volume, blood pressure and pH of your body fluids. If chloride level are increased called hyperchloremia. If chloride level are decrease called hypochloremia . Principle :-                    Chloride ions combine with free mercuric ion and release thiocyanate from mercuric thiocyanate. The thiocyanate released combines with the ferric ions to form a red brown ferric thiocyanate complex. Intensity of the colour formed is directly proportional to the amount of chloride present in the sample.   Material required  :- Clean and dry glassware.                    ...

  Clinical significance :-                           Potassium is one of the most important minerals in the body . Potassium is an electrolyte that is vital to cell metabolism. It helps transport nutrient into cell and removes waste product out of cells. It is also important in muscle function helping to transmit messages between nerves and muscles. This test measures the amount of potassium in blood.  If  the potassium level are increased called hyperkalemia. if the potassium level are decrease called hypokalemia. Principle :-             Potassium react with sodium tetraphenyl boron in a specially prepared buffer to form of colloidal suspension.  The amount of the turbidity produced is directly proportional to the concentration of potassium in the sample.   Material required  :- Clean and dry glassware.                ...

 Clinical significance :-                           Sodium play a key role in your body. It helps maintain normal blood pressure, suports  for the work of your nerves and muscles and regulate your body's fluid balance. if the sodium level are decrease called hyponatremia. If the sodium level are increased called the hypernatremia. Principle :-                       Sodium a precipitated  as a triple salt with magnesium and uranyl acetate. The excess of uranyl ions are reacted with ferrocyanide in an acidic medium to develop a brownish colour. The intensity of the colour produced in intesity proportional to the concentration of sodium in the sample.                       Material required  :- Clean and dry glassware.                   ...