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Bilirubin

Clinical Significance :-                          Bilirubin is mainly formed from the heme portion of aged or damaged RBC's. It then combines with albumin to from a complex which is not water soluble . This is referred to as indirect or unconjugated Bilirubin . In the liver this Bilirubin complex is combined with glucuronic acid into a water soluble conjugate. This is referred to as conjugated or direct Bilirubin . Elevated levels of bilirubin are found in liver disease ( Hepatitis, cirrhosis) excessive hemolysis / destruction of RBC (hemolytic ( ) obstruction of biliary tract and in drug induced reactions. The differentiation between the direct and indirect bilirubin is important in diagnosis the cause of hyperbilirubinemia.  Principle :-             Bilirubin react with diazotised sulphanilic acid to form a coloured azobilirubin compound. The unconjugated bilirubin couples with s...

Cautery Machine

        Cautery Machine Defination:-                        Cautery   a special type of equipment used for the cauterization (cauterized) of the tissue or organ etc cautery   equipment is one of endosurgical unit also called diathermy terms   of use. Cautery meaning:-                                    The cauterizing something with help of instrument or materials using compact consoles for use. How to use cautery machine:-                                         ...

ह्यूमन मेटान्यूमोवायरस (HMPV): उपचार, लक्षण और बच्चों और वयस्कों पर प्रभाव

ह्यूमन मेटान्यूमोवायरस (HMPV): उपचार, लक्षण और बच्चों और वयस्कों पर प्रभाव ह्यूमन मेटान्यूमोवायरस (HMPV), न्यूमोविरिडे परिवार का हिस्सा है, यह एक श्वसन वायरस है जो हल्की सर्दी से लेकर निमोनिया  और ब्रोंकियोलाइटिस जैसे गंभीर फेफड़ों के संक्रमण तक की बीमारियों का कारण बनता है। हालाँकि फ्लू या रेस्पिरेटरी सिंसिटियल वायरस (RSV) की तुलना में कम पहचाना जाने वाला, HMPV दुनिया भर में श्वसन संबंधी बीमारियों का एक महत्वपूर्ण कारण है, खासकर सर्दियों और वसंत के दौरान। Symptoms of human metapneumovirus include: Cough. Fever. Runny or stuffy nose. Prevention Can you prevent a human metapneumovirus infection? You can reduce your risk of getting HMPV and other  infectious diseases  by: Washing your hands often with soap and water. If you aren’t able to use soap and water, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Cover your nose and mouth — with your elbow, not your bare hand — when you sneeze or cough. Avoid being around other people when you or they are sick with a cold or other contagious ...

VITAMINS

  A vitamin is an organic compound, which means that it contains carbon. It is also an essential nutrient that the body may need to get from food. Vitamins are either soluble, or dissolvable, in fat or water. We describe both types below: Fat-soluble vitamins Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble.  Water-soluble vitamins Water-soluble vitamins do not stay Trusted Source  in the body for long and cannot be stored. They leave the body via the urine. Because of this, people need a more regular supply of water-soluble vitamins than fat-soluble ones. Vitamin C and all the B vitamins are water - soluble. Vitamin A Chemical names: retinol, retinal, and “the four carotenoids. It is fat-soluble. Function:  It is essential for eye health. Deficiency:  This may cause night blindness and keratomalacia, which causes the clear front layer of the eye to grow dry and cloudy. Good sources:  These include liver, cod liver oil, carrots, broccoli, sweet potatoes, butter, spi...

Detailed structure of posterior abdominal wall

                  The posterior abdominal wall is a complex region of anatomy. It is the formed by the lumbar vertebral, pelvic girdle, posterior abdominal muscles and their associated fascia,major vessels, nerves and organs are located on the inner surface of the interior of the posterior abdominal wall. Posterior Abdominal Muscles :-                          There are five muscles in the posterior abdominal wall :  Iliacus  Psoas major  Psoas minor  Quadratus lumborum    Diaphragm                        we shall look at the attachment action and in innervation of these muscles in more detail. Quadratus lumborum :-                          The quadratus lumborum muscle is located laterally in the posterior abdominal wall. It ...

Albumin

    Clinical Significance   :-                          Albumin consists of approximately 60% of the total proteins in the body, the other major part being globulin . It is synthesized in the liver and maintains the osmotic pressure in blood.Albumin also helps in the transporation of drugs, hormones and enzymes. Elevated levels are rarely seen and are usually seen and are usually associated with dehydration. Decrease levels are seen in liver disease . Malnutrition, Kidney disorders,increased fluid loss during extensive burns and decrease absorption in gastro-intestinal diseases.  Principle  :-              Albumin binds with the dye Bromocresol Green in a buffered medium to form a green coloured complex. The intensity of the colour formed is directly proportional to the amount of protein present in the sample.   Material required  :- Clean and dry glassw...