Paramedical Institute

    Operation Theatre  : -                           An  operating  theatre is a facility with in a hospital where surgical operations are carried out in an aseptic environment. Operating Room Equipment and Its Uses :- Operating room are specialized work spaces that require highly functional equipment of the highest quality, with surgeons and other over our personal used to perform life saving procedures. Without this equipment in place professionals may struggle to deliver the care that patient need. There is a definite number of essential operating room equipment that professionals need on a per case basis. Utility columns  :- Utility column accommodate a variety of Administrative Services, ensuring better management of workplace in an operation theatre. The columns can also be retractable or fixed and provider a viable solution for the distribution of communication unit electrical s...

 Introduction  :-                  The abdominal wall refers to the layer of anterolateral  (front and side)  structures including skin,muscles,nerves,vessels and connective tissues between the thorax and pelvis.                  The abdominal wall has a number of important functions both protecting and containing the abdominal viscera.                  The muscles of the anterior abdominal wall are able to contact,increasing intra abdominal pressure aiding expiration cutting and vomiting. Surface of anatomy :-                     The anterior abdominal wall may be divided into nine regions.                     The nine regions of the abdomen are created by four imaginary in interesting lines: Two mid-clavicular lines : Vertical ...

                            The branch of science concerned with the chemical and physical chemical process which occur with in living organisms.   -  Biochemistry word has been taken from        " Greek" .   - Biochemistry father " Carl Alexander Neuberg".  History of Biochemistry :-   - 1903 the word biochemistry was proposed by  Carl  Alexander as a field of study.   - 1926 J.B Sharma isolated protein uricase and crystallized them to study its structure.   - 1970 Hamilton Smith reported the discovery of the first restriction enzyme.   - 1997 the first complete nuclotiod sequence of all the chromosomes was reported.    Now a days , result of the research of Biochemistry are used in many area genetic to agriculture. Basic of Biochemistry :-                         ...

  Distillation system :                      Distillation is one of the earliest forms of water treatment, and it is the still the most famous treatment solution for water purification. In ancient times,  this technique was used by the Greeks on their ship to convert sea water to drinking water.   Now a days distilled water is used to convert sea water to drinking water on ship and in aid parts of world,  and to treat water in other areas fouled by natural and unnatural contaminants. Distillation of water is one of the most important procedure for clinical laboratory.                    Distillation is not only the most effective  form of treatment but it is the to understand. Untreated water is convert into water vapour, and then condensed back to liquid form. Most of the contaminants are left behind in the boiling chamber, with condensed water boilin...

  Clinical significance :-                           Creatinine is a catabolic product of creatinine phosphate which is used by the skeletal muscle. The daily production depends on muscular mass and it is excreted out of the body entirely by the Kidneys. Elevated level are found in renal dysfunction , reduced renal blood flow (shock,  dehydration,  congestive heart failure )  diabetes. Decreased level are found in Muscular dystrophy. Principle :-              Picric acid in an alkaline medium react with creatinine  to form Orange coloured Complex with the alkaline picrate. Intensity of the colour formed is directly proportional to the amount of creatine and present in the sample.   Material required  :- Clean and dry glassware.                                    ...

  Clinical significance :-                         Urea is the end product of the protein metabolism. It is synthesized in the liver form  the ammonia produced by the catabolism of amino acids. It is transported by the blood to the kidney from where it is excreted. Increased level are found in renal diseases, urinary obstructions,  shock, congestive heart failure and burns. Decrease level are found in liver failure and due to  pregnancy. Principle :-             Urea hydrolyzes urea to ammonia and CO2 . The ammonia formed  react with a  phenolic chromogen and hypochlorite to form a green coloured complex . Intensity of the colour formed  is directly proportional to the amount of Urea present in the sample.   Material required  :-  Clean and dry glassware.                          ...

  Clinical Significance :-                          Uric acid is the end product of the purine metabolism. Uric acid is the excreted to a large degree by the kidneys and to smaller degree in the intestinal tract by microbial degradation . Increased level are found in gout,  Arthritis,  Impaired renal function and starvation. Decrease  level are found in Wilson's disease and yellow atrophy of the liver. Principle :-              Uricase convert uric acid to allantoin and hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide  formed further  react with a  phenolic compound and 4-aminoantipyrine by the catalytic action of peroxidase to form a red colour   quinonimine  dye complex.  Intensity of the colour formed is   directly proportional to the amount of uric acid present in the sample.   Material required  :- Clean and dry gla...