Paramedical Institute

             Viruses are unicellular, ultramicroscopic organisms. They reproduce inside living cells, pass through filters and are covered coat. General Properties of Viruses ·          They do not possess cellular organization. ·          They contain either RNA or DNA. ·          They lack enzymes necessary for protein and nucleic acid        synthesis. ·          They depend on synthetic machinery of host cells. ·          They multiply by complex processes . ·          They are unaffected by antibiotics. ·          They are sensitive to interferon. Morphology of Viruses Size Viruses vary widely in size –       ...

    Semen This substance is released from a man’s penis when he has an orgasm (ejaculates). It contains: Sperm,  male reproductive cells. The cells have a unique shape that contain: Head,  which includes genetic material (DNA) to fertilize a woman’s egg. Tail  that helps it travel (“swim”) through a woman’s reproductive system to reach the egg and fertilize it. Fluids,  which make it possible to deposit sperm toward the back of a woman’s vagina. This area is close to the cervix, which is the opening of the womb, where babies develop. Proteins, vitamins and minerals  that fuel the sperm’s journey to the egg. What is a semen analysis? A semen analysis is a lab test that examines a sample of semen under a microscope. It evaluates things such as sperm count, activity (motility) and shape (morphology). TEST DETAILS How does a semen analysis work? A man masturbates to produce a semen sample. This is the preferred method bec...

  ANTICOAGULANT               Anticoagulants are defined  as those substances which prevents the blood is taken out for laboratory diagnosis. There are different chemical substances which prevents  clotting by different chemical substances which prevents clotting by different mechanisms. The important anticoagulants . Salts of Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA)   -                                                                                          ...

  Structure -              The bony skeletal  part of the thoracic wall is the rib cage , and the rest is made up of muscles, skin and fascia. The chest wall has 10 layer namely skin superficial,deep fascia serratus anterior , layer for ribs ( containing intercostal muscles) and endothoracic from superficial to deep. However, the muscular layers very according to the region of the chest Wall. For example,  they may include muscles like pectoralis major or latssimus Dorsi.   Function -              The structures of the thoracic wall protect the heart, lungs, and great vessels as well as some abdominal organs. Additionally, the bony structures provide attachment points for muscles and allow for the mechanical function of ventilation.  When not breathing for long and dangerous periods of time in cold water, a persons body undergoes great temporary changes to try to prevent death. It achiev...

                Bacteria are free living, microscopic, unicellular organisms. These are capable of performing all essential functions of life,e.g. growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Size of Bacteria :- Bacteria are very small in size. The unit of measurement of bacteria is called micrometer (um). Bacteria generally measure 0.2 – 1.5 um in diameter and 3-5 um in length.The study of morphology of bacteria requires the use of microscopes. Classification of bacteriology Bacteria are classified as under :- 1. Cocci 2.Bacilli 3.Spirilla 4. Vibrio 5. Spirochaetes 6. Mycoplasmas   Cocci –            They are round or oval in shape.They exist in various patterns. Some cocci are gram positive and some are gram negative. Types of coci – 1. Diplococci –                They occur in pairs , e.g., pneumo cocci. 2. Streptococci –     ...

   Clinical significance  :-                             Calcium, in the body ,is found mainly in the bones ( approximately 99%). In serum calcium exist equally in a free ionised form and in a bound form .Hence a decrease in albumin causes lower calcium levels and vice versa . The level of Calcium in serum depend on the parathyroid hormone. Increased Calcium level are found in bone tumors , hyperparathyroidism. Decreased level are found in hypothyroidism,renal failure,rickets,Vitamin D deficiency and pancreatitis.   If calcium  level are increased called hypercalcemia. If calcium level are decrease called hypocalcemia . Principle  :-                    Calcium in an alkaline medium combines with o- Cresolphthalein Complexone to form a purple coloured complex. Intensity of the colour formed is directly proportional to the amount of cal...

  Scalp :-             The scalp  is a soft tissue which covers calvaria of  the skull. Extent :            * Front Supra orbital margin            * Behind external occipital            * Protuberance & superior nuchal line             * Side zygomatic arch on each side Scalp consist of 5 layers : Skin Connective tissue  Apponeurosis & Occipitofrotalis muscles  Loose connective tissue  Pericarnium or outer periosteum of the skull.  Nerve Supply :                10 nerves supply each side of the scalp 5 in front & 5 behind the auricle. Nerve on front of auricle : Supra trochlear  Supra - orbital both are branches of ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve Zygomatico - temporal nerve Maxillary Temporal branch of facial nerve  Auriclo - ...