Paramedical Institute

                  The posterior abdominal wall is a complex region of anatomy. It is the formed by the lumbar vertebral, pelvic girdle, posterior abdominal muscles and their associated fascia,major vessels, nerves and organs are located on the inner surface of the interior of the posterior abdominal wall. Posterior Abdominal Muscles :-                          There are five muscles in the posterior abdominal wall :  Iliacus  Psoas major  Psoas minor  Quadratus lumborum    Diaphragm                        we shall look at the attachment action and in innervation of these muscles in more detail. Quadratus lumborum :-                          The quadratus lumborum muscle is located laterally in the posterior abdominal wall. It ...

    Clinical Significance   :-                          Albumin consists of approximately 60% of the total proteins in the body, the other major part being globulin . It is synthesized in the liver and maintains the osmotic pressure in blood.Albumin also helps in the transporation of drugs, hormones and enzymes. Elevated levels are rarely seen and are usually seen and are usually associated with dehydration. Decrease levels are seen in liver disease . Malnutrition, Kidney disorders,increased fluid loss during extensive burns and decrease absorption in gastro-intestinal diseases.  Principle  :-              Albumin binds with the dye Bromocresol Green in a buffered medium to form a green coloured complex. The intensity of the colour formed is directly proportional to the amount of protein present in the sample.   Material required  :- Clean and dry glassw...

  LEUKEMIA     Leukemia              Leukemia is a cancer  of the blood, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal blood cells. This uncontrolled growth takes place in your bone marrow, where most of your body’s blood is made. Leukemia cells are usually immature (still developing)WBC. How does leukemia develop? Leukemia begins in bone marrow, the soft spongy tissue in the inner cavity of your bones, where your body’s blood cells are made. Blood cells go through multiple stages before reaching their fully mature forms. Mature, normal blood cells include: Red blood cells:  Cells that carry oxygen and other vital materials to all tissues and organs in your body. White blood cells:  Cells that fight infection. Platelets:  Cells that help your blood clot. These blood cells start as hematopoietic stem cells. The stem cells develop into either myeloid   cells or lymphoid  ...

                                          Protozoa are the lowest from of animal life. These are non-photosynthetic , unicellular organisms with protoplasm clearly differentiated into nucleus and cytoplasm. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF PROTOZOA         They are much larger than bacteria.         Their surface membrane vary in complexity and rigid.        Many protozoa are parasitic.       They do not pass through filters. Parasite                A parasite is an organism which lives in and derives its nourishment from the body of animal host. The parasites include protozoa and helminthes. Endoparasite : -                      ...