Paramedical Institute

   Clinical significance  :-                             Calcium, in the body ,is found mainly in the bones ( approximately 99%). In serum calcium exist equally in a free ionised form and in a bound form .Hence a decrease in albumin causes lower calcium levels and vice versa . The level of Calcium in serum depend on the parathyroid hormone. Increased Calcium level are found in bone tumors , hyperparathyroidism. Decreased level are found in hypothyroidism,renal failure,rickets,Vitamin D deficiency and pancreatitis.   If calcium  level are increased called hypercalcemia. If calcium level are decrease called hypocalcemia . Principle  :-                    Calcium in an alkaline medium combines with o- Cresolphthalein Complexone to form a purple coloured complex. Intensity of the colour formed is directly proportional to the amount of cal...

  Scalp :-             The scalp  is a soft tissue which covers calvaria of  the skull. Extent :            * Front Supra orbital margin            * Behind external occipital            * Protuberance & superior nuchal line             * Side zygomatic arch on each side Scalp consist of 5 layers : Skin Connective tissue  Apponeurosis & Occipitofrotalis muscles  Loose connective tissue  Pericarnium or outer periosteum of the skull.  Nerve Supply :                10 nerves supply each side of the scalp 5 in front & 5 behind the auricle. Nerve on front of auricle : Supra trochlear  Supra - orbital both are branches of ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve Zygomatico - temporal nerve Maxillary Temporal branch of facial nerve  Auriclo - ...