Paramedical Institute

  Clinical significance :-                         Urea is the end product of the protein metabolism. It is synthesized in the liver form  the ammonia produced by the catabolism of amino acids. It is transported by the blood to the kidney from where it is excreted. Increased level are found in renal diseases, urinary obstructions,  shock, congestive heart failure and burns. Decrease level are found in liver failure and due to  pregnancy. Principle :-             Urea hydrolyzes urea to ammonia and CO2 . The ammonia formed  react with a  phenolic chromogen and hypochlorite to form a green coloured complex . Intensity of the colour formed  is directly proportional to the amount of Urea present in the sample.   Material required  :-  Clean and dry glassware.                          ...

  Clinical Significance :-                          Uric acid is the end product of the purine metabolism. Uric acid is the excreted to a large degree by the kidneys and to smaller degree in the intestinal tract by microbial degradation . Increased level are found in gout,  Arthritis,  Impaired renal function and starvation. Decrease  level are found in Wilson's disease and yellow atrophy of the liver. Principle :-              Uricase convert uric acid to allantoin and hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide  formed further  react with a  phenolic compound and 4-aminoantipyrine by the catalytic action of peroxidase to form a red colour   quinonimine  dye complex.  Intensity of the colour formed is   directly proportional to the amount of uric acid present in the sample.   Material required  :- Clean and dry gla...

  Clinical significance :-                        Triglyceride are form of fatty acid esters. They are produced in the liver by binding glycerol  and other fatty acids. They are transported by VLDL and LDL and act as a storage source for energy. Increased level are found in hyperlipidemias,  diabetes , nephrotic syndrome,  hypothyroidism and hyper lipidemia . Increased level of risk factor of arterosclerotic coronary disease and peripheral vascular disease. Decreased level are found in malnutrition, hyper thyroidism, hypolipidemia. Principle :-                Lipoprotein lipase hydrolyses triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. The glycerol formed with ATP in the presence of glycerol kinase  forms glycerol 3 phosphate which is oxidised by the enzyme glycerol 3-phosphate which is oxidised  by the enzyme glycerol phosphate oxidised to form hydrogen per...

  Clinical Significance :-                        Cholesterol is the main if it found in blood bile and brain tissues. It is the main lipid associated with arteriosclerotic  vascular diseases.  It is required for the formation of steroid  and cellular membranes. The liver metabolized the cholesterol and it  is transported in the blood stream by lipoproteins . Increased level are found in  hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidaemia  and hypothyroidism and uncontrolled diabetes ,  nephrotic syndrome and cirrhosis.  Decrease level are found in  malabsorption , hyperthyroidism, malnutrition , anemia and liver disease. Principle  :-            Cholesterol  estersase  hydrolyses esterified cholesterol to free cholesterol to  free cholesterol  . The free cholesterol  is oxidised to form hydrogen peroxide which further  react ...

  Clinical significance : -                                        Glucose is the major carbohydrate present in blood. Its oxidation in the cells is the source of energy for the body. Increased level of glucose are found in Diabetic Mellitus , hyperparathyroidism ,  pancreatitis , renal failure . Decrease level are found in insulinoma ,  hypothyroidism , hypopituitarism and extensive liver disease.   Principle :-                     Glucose is oxidised to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of glucose oxidase. Hydrogen peroxide further  react with phenol and 4-aminoantipyrine by the catalytic action of peroxidase to form red coloured quinonimine  dye complex. Intensity of the colour formed is directly proportional to the amount of glucose present in the sample.    Material required ...